Assessment †Pilgrimage Essay Example Essay Example

Assessment – Pilgrimage Essay Example Paper Assessment – Pilgrimage Essay Introduction 1. Pilgrimage is a journey taken by somebody for sentimental and personal reasons, though not always for religious ones; it could even be the journey that is life. For Christians, it is – the journey from birth to Heaven – as well as being the way to grow closer to God. 2 Nazareth. This is one of the more obvious places of Christian pilgrimage, as Jesus was born and raised here all those years ago when he walked the Earth. The Son of God Himself preached, performed miracles, lived and breathed there, so naturally it’s a special place with a strong link with Biblical history. Pilgrims will go there to experience that connection – one of the closest connections to /imprints of Jesus on Earth. Lourdes. This place is popular for Christian pilgrimage because Saint Bernadette was acclaimed to have had 14 whole apparitions of Our Lady, Mary, Mother of God. Pilgrims flock here to feel history under their feet. Mary’s an important figure to the Church â€⠀œ especially the Catholic one – and she told Bernadette about the healing holy waters which people still can collect and sprinkle themselves with to this day. Also, Mary told her to ask the local priest to build a chapel at the location of the visitations. Assessment – Pilgrimage Essay Body Paragraphs 3 Christians might wish to do a variety of different things in a place of pilgrimage, such as: Visit historical places, where important and miraculous events occurred. In Lourdes, for instance, the ideal place would be the Grotto where Our Lady appeared to Bernadette Soubirous. Seek forgiveness for sins and seek spiritual healing from God [and his mercy], through prayer and reflection. They might use a pilgrimage as a chance to properly have a â€Å"sit down† with God as it were and come clean. Go to Mass/receive the Eucharist. The Eucharist is the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ; he died on the cross to save us from our sins. Pilgrims would want to go, because the Eucharist commemorates the Last Supper – Jesus’ last meal with all his disciples – and it’s very special. It’s like you’re with God, in his sanctuary. 4 There are a various number of different effects of pilgrimage and why it’s important. For instance, it’s i mportant to get away from the rush of real life and put it all aside – to slow down and take time to think about everything [and talk to/reflect on God]. Also, pilgrimage can be used as a chance to re-communicate with God in a way and connect with Him again if you feel you haven’t been close to Him lately. Through pilgrimage, you can ask for forgiveness and be forgiven through God’s love and kindness; it can be a form of reconciliation. Pilgrimage is a very sharing experience, with fellow pilgrims. Both spiritual and physical can additionally be gained through pilgrimage, whether it be through prayer or holy water (etc). It’s all important because pilgrimage is all about getting closer to God spiritually, and pilgrimage allows that to happen as your mind is focused and motivated. You leave anxieties and troubles from reality aside to spend time with God in a particular place of pilgrimage. It’s elite. By focusing solely on God, you can develop a cl oser relationship with Him but only if you want to. It’s all part of our Christian pilgrimage through life; it may not be a sacrament but it’s near enough as important. 5 When Christians describe life as a pilgrimage, it’s meant that it’s a long journey from birth to Heaven. Heaven is the one true destination and life is part of the process to reaching it. Everything that happens in life is included in this pilgrimage – all the bad times, the good times, the ups and downs. You’ll always get over the hardships as they’ll only be brief, temporary, and there’s always God to help you overcome these things. He’s always at your side and if you trust in Him, you can get through anything – it’s just up to us as Christians to reach out to Him through prayer, going to mass, etc. No problem is too big for God. The pilgrimage of life is all about finding God spiritually and forming/building a relationship with Him thro ugh life – with the aid of the sacraments. The sacraments will strengthen us, as they help us understand more of our faith and help us practise what Jesus did/went through while he was on Earth. In a sense, each sacrament brings us closer. 6 The sacraments might be important to Christians in their pilgrimage through life in many ways. All 7 sacraments are important, because they’re like spiritual blessings in your life. Baptism, for example, is important as it’s when we’re forgiven for our original sins and clothed in Christ. It’s a new beginning. The Eucharist/communion is important because it’s when we commemorate Jesus’ actions all those years ago at the Last Supper. The bread and wine represent – and change to – Jesus’ body and blood, which he gave us in memory of him when he died to save us from out sins. Thus, when we eat the bread and drink the wine, we get closer to God; we have a part of him inside of us, always. Confirmation is when we get fully accepted into the church as adults and we take full responsibility for our actions at that point on, confirming our faith in Christ. We renew the promises made at baptism ourselves this time and choose to. This helps strengthen our faith as full people of God. Through the sacrament of Reconciliation, we experience God’s love as we’re freed and forgiven from/for the sins we’ve committed through the priest. God’s mercy allows us to become even closer. The sacrament of the sick – in which the suck are anointed with a healing oil – enables us to know that God’s always going to be there for us, even when we’re ill and/or dying. We share a better understanding with him. With marriage, a man and woman are bonded through Christ for life. It’s a big twist in both peoples’ lives as they’ll now have to commit to a life together where they’ll have to share everything an d suffer through everything together. All in all, the sacraments are essential as they’re rituals in which Christians learn to commit to something – which can be pretty difficult at times. They’re symbols of moving on through life and building a relationship with God as you go along. They help us appreciate life and understand more, helping us open our hearts to God. However, it’s more of a spiritual/philosophical journey rather than a physical one. 7 Some people believe you can go on a pilgrimage without ever visiting a holy place, simply because it is believed that life itself is a pilgrimage. Though you may not visit historical places and such, you can still experience the grace and spirit of God working in your life. You can still go to mass, seek forgiveness, get spiritual/physical healing, find guidance. – all particularly through prayer. The destination is Heaven and the different things you experience to get there are the sacraments  œ predominantly for Catholics. It’s a long pilgrimage, full of many obstacles that may detract you from the right path of God. Things might want to throw you off track and block the way; but through God you can be given a new beginning and/or get over your troubles. Praying to God regularly is more than enough to make up part of the pilgrimage and grow closer to God – â€Å"ask and you shall receive†. Miracles in your life don’t have to be big things, so you don’t have to go to a holy place where miracles happen – they can just be the little prayers that God have answered. Also, you can still seek forgiveness through Reconciliation at a church. You can taste the body and blood of Christ at mass, as well. Also, you can build a bond with God simply by doing things such as reading the Bible and following it in everyday life (loving everyone, sharing, being kind, loving your enemy, setting a good example, etc). You can get away from everyday lif e by giving yourself a day off from everything to reflect on God, perhaps on a bank holiday. You can relieve yourself from stress and cast your worries aside. Every step of your life is a pilgrimage. 8 I think Christians can learn a variety of things from the pilgrimage experiences of other faiths, such as their different practices and how they differ to Christian pilgrimage. We can learn how they practise their own faith in [their] God. Through this, we can compare and contrast. Take a Muslim’s pilgrimage to mecca, for example – it’s a Muslim’s duty to take the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Well, any Muslim who is fit and capable to do so (good financial capacity, for example) is expected to take the pilgrimage. When they’re there, they all have to wear white and speak Arabic as they’re reading from the Qu’ran in the Masjid al-Haram. They all worship in unison. They have to walk around a giant cube – the Kaba – seven times, praying to Allah. Muslims have to pray five times a day – well, at least the truly devout Muslims do – on a mat facing towards Mecca, their holy land. Mecca is an incredibly important place to Muslims. They also have to go about their faith according to the Five Pillars, which are Shahadah (declaring faith); Salat (praying five times a day) ; Zakat (giving money to the poor and needy, the amount depending on the wealth of the person); Sawn (fasting on the ninth month in the Muslim Calendar that’s alternately known as ‘Ramadan’); Hajj (making the pilgrimage to Mekka). Those are the five pillars – in that order – holding up the Islamic faith. Furthermore, we can learn about how they fast for their faith (for a month at Ramadan) – it shows that have a lot of determination and dedication to be able to do this. Christians can learn about how relaxed the Christian faith is compared to the Muslim faith in te rms of pilgrimage. There’s no strict law or list of duties you have to do while on pilgrimage – it’s up to you, and completely your choice. It informs us, also, of how we can learn from the things that other faiths do so we can reflect on it and perhaps take in so Christian pilgrimage can be taken more seriously. Muslims pray five times a day, yet there are some Christians who pray maybe once a month. It just shows how maybe we can sort-of learn from them. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment – Pilgrimage Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment – Pilgrimage Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment – Pilgrimage Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Development of Inâ€Vitro Fertilization technology Essays

Development of In–Vitro Fertilization technology Essays Development of In–Vitro Fertilization technology Essay Development of In–Vitro Fertilization technology Essay 1. Introduction The pioneering work of Bob Edwards and Patrick Steptoe in the development of In Vitro Fertilization ( IVF ) engineering led to the first IVF birth of Louise Brown in 1978 [ I ] ( Johnson 2007 ) . It is considered one of the landmark parts to human medical specialty and wellness in the 20th century. In the last 20 old ages, there has been important advancement and scientific developments in the field of aided reproduction. The success rate of assisted generative engineering ( ART ) is continually increasing due to the debut of fresh engineerings, enhanced IVF techniques and improved embryo civilization systems [ two. The rapid gait of development in ART is besides straight linked to progresss in the clinical field of human reproduction and improved diagnosing of the causes of sterility. The field of ART will doubtless go on to turn in the following 20 old ages as there is a immense planetary demand for its medical and scientific advancement. More clinicians and scientists choose to come in this field every twelvemonth which is a testament to the success and turning importance of ART in medical specialty. 2. Sterility Infertility is defined as the lessened capacity to gestate or bear a kid ( Johnson 2007 ) . A twosome is considered sterile if they are unable to gestate after 2 old ages of unprotected and frequent sexual intercourse. The prevalence of sterility in the developed universe is estimated to be in the scope of 10s of female diseases and upsets doing sterility include: Tubal obstruction Endometriosis Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Male factor sterility histories for approximately 30 % of the incidence of sterility. Examples of male diseases and upsets doing sterility include: Varicoceles Retrograde interjection Obstruction of vessel deferens or epididymis 30 % of incidence of sterility is due both male and female spouse have abnormalcies doing their sterility. The staying 20 % of infertile twosomes have no clinically identifiable cause for sterility and this group is termed unexplained sterility . The clinical work-up for sterility probe for any twosome includes documenting their medical history and a standard set of diagnostic trials to be performed on the male and female spouse ( Serhal A ; Overton 2004 ) for illustration: hormonal checks, hysterosalpingography, semen analysis. Establishing the cause of sterility allows clinicians to find which type of IVF intervention is the best to assist the twosome with gestating a kid. 3. Progresss in Infertility Treatment in the past 20 old ages The progresss in sterility intervention in the last 20 old ages are legion but I am merely discoursing the 1s which were of the most significance in my sentiment as follows. a. In- Vitro Fertilisation ( IVF ) The rule of the IVF technique is both simple and standard and can be summarised as follows [ four ] ( Strauss A ; Barbieri 2009 ) : Collection of mature oocytes from the ovaries Processing of seeds sample to better sperm count and motility Fertilization of sperm and oocyte in cell civilization dish in the research lab Transportation of embryo with best morphology into the uterine pit B. Controlled Ovarian Stimulation The female spouse undergoes a protocol of controlled ovarian stimulation. The pick of protocol is dependent on the age of the female spouse and the clinical diagnosing of sterility [ V ] ( Fauser et al 1999 ) . One of Steptoe and Edwards major job in their 1976 IVF process was the deficit of oocytes [ six ] ( Coughlan A ; Ledger 2008 ) . Surveies have shown that usage of ovarian stimulation protocols maximizes the figure and quality of mature follicles that can be retrieved [ seven ] ( Sluijmer 1994 ) [ viii ] ( Macklon et al 2008 ) which will necessarily better opportunities of IVF intervention success. In 1986, the add-on of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ( GnRH ) agonist intervention to ovarian stimulation protocols became widespread [ nine ] ( Hedon et al 1990 ) . In the early 1990 s, ovarian stimulation protocols were refined with some fluctuations introduced in order to maximise the figure of eggs to be retrieved. The protocols used can be either: V Long OR Desensitization protocol: Starts with Pituitary receptor downregulation utilizing GnRH agonists e.g Lupron, Triptorelin, Burserelin Ovarian stimulation with GnRH injections of recombinant Follicle Stimulating Hormone ( FSH ) e.g Puregon Or Gonal F Injection of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ( HCG ) to command and clip oocyte ripening V Short OR Micro-Flare Protocol: GnRH antagonists e.g Cetrorelix Or Ganirelix are used to straight barricade the GnRH receptor. The undermentioned stairss are similar to Steps 2 A ; 3 of Long Protocol. Ovarian follicular growing is monitored by ultrasound imagination and measuring of blood degrees of oestradiol [ xi ] . The usage of GnRH adversaries has revolutionized ovarian stimulation for ART [ xii ] ( Ludwig et al 2001 ) . The Short Protocol was introduced in 1990 by [ xiii ] ( Bouchard et al. ) The advantages of the usage of GnRH adversaries in ART include: A more rapid IVF intervention rhythm Reduce the hazard of Ovarian Hyper-Stimulation Syndrome ( OHSS ) More effectual protocol for usage with older adult females and hapless respondents Avoids formation of ovarian cysts Cost effectual and more convenient for clinics and patients The usage of controlled ovarian stimulation is a major progress in IVF intervention and has contributed towards maximising success rates of clinical gestations and unrecorded births. There is no uncertainty that in the hereafter such protocols will be optimized and refined further for better clinical results. c. Oocyte retrieval In the 1st clinically successful IVF intervention, Bob Edwards and Patrick Steptoe retrieved the oocytes by laparoscopic surgery from the unstimulated ovaries of Louise s female parent during the natural catamenial rhythm [ xiv ] . The early 1980 s saw the development of high frequence vaginal investigation ultrasound transducers for usage in obstetric echography [ xv ] ( Lenz et al 1981 ) . In 1990, [ xvi ] ( Tan et al ) a survey outlined the advantages of utilizing vaginal ultrasounds for the process of oocyte retrieval. The process was termed Transvaginal Ultrasound Directed Oocyte Retrieval ( TUDOR ) and rapidly became the method of pick for usage in IVF clinics. The advantages of usage of TUDOR to laproscopic oocyte retrieval is that the latter is dearly-won and clip consuming. TUDOR can be done with local anesthesia and sedation which made it safer for patients and more convenient for IVF clinics ( Serhal A ; Overton 2004 ) . Laproscopic oocyte retrieval is performed presents merely in instances where female diseases such as adenomyosis or infective adhesions make the ovaries inaccessible through the transvaginal path. d. Testicular Sperm Extraction Male spouses with a clinical diagnosing of primary testicular failure will hold seeds analysis consequences bespeaking Low or No sperm count A ; motility. The development of testicular sperm extraction processs has provided such male patients with the possibility of recovering sperm for usage in IVF. The purpose of these processs is to assist the male patient to beget his ain familial kid. In 1995, Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration ( PESA ) was a new process developed [ xvii ] ( Craft et al 1995 ) . It is a simpler and a more efficient process when compared to its predecessor Microscopic Epididymal Sperm Aspiration ( MESA ) which was developed in 1985 [ xviii ] . PESA is performed by infixing a suction needle into the caput of the epididymis and analyzing the aspirate for the presence of sperm [ xix ] In 1995, Testicular Sperm Extraction ( TESE ) was besides performed successfully in combination with IVF [ xx ] ( Devroey et al 1995 ) . The process involves taking a big fragment of testicular tissue through a cross scratch of the adventitia albuginea in the testicle [ xxi ] . Micro surgical TESE ( Micro-TESE ) is a polish to the TESE process. Numerous micro-retrievals of testicular tissue are performed across the testicle [ xxii ] ( Colpi et al 2009 ) . Micro-TESE has been associated with higher rates of sperm retrieval when compared to TESE ( Colpi et al 2009 ) . Aspirates incorporating sperm that are retrieved from the above stated processs can all be cryopreserved for subsequently usage in IVF. e. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection ( ICSI ) The micro-injection of a individual sperm into the cytol of the egg has revolutionized IVF intervention for twosomes with terrible male factor sterility [ xxiii ] ( Palermo et al 1992 ) . The technique is known as Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ( ICSI ) . Palermo et al reported the first successful ICSI gestation in 1992. Merely a little figure of sperms are equal for fertilisation utilizing ICSI which makes it an ideal process for male spouses with terrible male factor sterility following testicular sperm extraction processs. ICSI has enabled azoospermic male patients to beget their ain biological kids which was impossible in the past [ twenty-four ] ( Nijs A ; Elst 2000 ) . ICSI has become a mainstream process in ART. The chief stairss in ICSI technique can be summarised as follows: The oocyte is prepared by steadfastly attaching it to by suction to a keeping pipette with the polar organic structure at 6 oclock. A individual morphologically normal motile sperm is selected and immobilised. The injection acerate leaf is inserted into the oocyte at 3 oclock with careful deposition of the sperm into the cytol [ xxv ] ( Bromage et al 2007 ) . After 16 18 hours, fertilisation is confirmed by the presence of two pro-nuclei. ICSI is a technique that bypasses sperm oocyte adhering measure in the fertilization procedure and can therefore utilize sperm with lacking kinetic belongingss or anomalousnesss of the acrosome ( Palermo et al 1992 ) . Pregnancies and births have been reported after ICSI utilizing nonmotile sperm from ejaculate [ xxvi ] . ICSI still remains a controversial technique despite its world-wide clinical success in ART. The major concerns remain in the possible inauspicious results in kids born from this technique due to its invasive nature [ xxvii ] . The possible hazards of ICSI can attest in 3 general countries: Obstetric results: Low birth weight appears to be the most consistent hazard for ICSI kids [ twenty-eight ] ( Shieve et al 2002 ) Chromosomal Abnormalities: ICSI kids do transport an increased hazard of familial chromosomal aberrances. These are largely due to paternal Y chromosome microdeletions but can be due to maternal familial factors every bit good [ xxix ] ( Rubio et al 2001 ) . There is an increased hazard of forming upsets [ thirty ] ( Cox et al 2002 ) e.g Angelman Syndrome. These surveies emphasize the importance of familial guidance to IVF twosomes prior to ICSI. Developmental Abnormalities: No major developmental abnormalcies are observed nevertheless some surveies have reported lower mental development rate in ICSI kids when compared to IVF and natural construct rhythms [ thirty-one ] ( Bowen et al 1998 ) The mechanical harm done to the oocyte and its meiotic spindle during ICSI technique and the possible transportation of sperm mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid into the oocyte are besides major countries of concern with ICSI. Sperm choice during ICSI is non natural and relies on opinion of the clinical embryologist. The PICSI sperm choice device was developed in 2006 to better the effectivity and cut down hazards of unreal sperm choice during ICSI. Sperm are placed in PICSI dish which contains samples of hyaluronan hydrogel which mimics the natural hyaluronan bed environing the oocyte [ xxxii ] ( ESHRE 2006 ) . Merely those that bind to the hyaluronan microdots mimic natural sperm choice procedure and are selected for ICSI. A survey completed in 2009 to measure the efficaciousness of PICSI + ICSI versus ICSI entirely, found that the clinical gestation rate in the PICSI group was greater by 6 % when compared to the ICSI entirely group [ xxxiii ] ( Worrilow et al 2009 ) f. Assisted Embryo Hatching Hatch of the human embryo from its environing Zona Pellucida is a cardinal demand for its successful nidation in the receptive endometrium ( Johnson 2007 ) . Failure of embryo hatching can restrict the nidation rate which will impact IVF intervention success. Zona Pellucida hardening can be induced by the in vitro civilization conditions and increased maternal age [ xxxiv ] ( Cohen et al 1990 ) . Assisted Hatching ( AH ) of embryos was started in the early 90 s when surveies showed betterment in nidation rates ( Cohen et al 1990 ) . AH is by and large performed on twenty-four hours 3 post-fertilization. It is a micromanipulation technique performed automatically by boring an gap in the Zona or by chemically thinning it by utilizing an acidified solution [ xxxv ] ( Chao et al 1997 ) . From the twelvemonth 2000 onwards, surveies have reported on the efficaciousness of Laser assisted hatching ( LAH ) [ thirty-six ] ( Hseih et al 2002 ) . The impact of LAH remains controversial due to fear of its mutagenic consequence on the embryo, but several surveies conclude that better clinical results are achieved with LAH when compared to the mechanical techniques, in adult females of advanced age ( gt ; 37 old ages ) and with insistent IVF failure [ xxxvii ] ( Makrakis et al 2006 ) [ xxxviii ] ( Ali et al 2002 ) . However, there is still non adequate grounds to reason which AH method is superior to the others. The major hazards associated with AH technique include: Increased hazard of monozygotic twins Damage to the embryo and its single blastomeres Introduction of micro-organisms into the embryo through the zone hole. g. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis ( PGD ) is a specialised process that was developed for twosomes who are at hazard of conveying a known familial disease to their kids. The alternate intervention options available for these twosomes include: expiration of gestation if antenatal diagnosing confirms an affected foetus, gamete contribution through IVF or acceptance [ xli ] . In 1990, [ xlii ] Handyside et Al reported the first human gestation following usage of PGD in two twosomes at hazard of conveying adrenoleukodystrophy and X-linked mental deceleration. PGD involves three phases: Use of IVF: to make embryos Embryo biopsy: There are 3 methods presently being used: Polar Body Biopsy: remotion of 1st and 2nd polar organic structure Blastocyst Biopsy: remotion of some trophectoderm cells Cleavage Phase Biopsy: Is the most common method used and involves remotion of 1 2 blastomeres from 6 8 cell embryo [ xliii ] ( Harper 2009 ) . Single Cell Diagnosis: Cells extracted after biopsy are tested by: Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR ) : for diagnosing of individual cistron defects ( e.g Cystic Fibrosis ) , X Linked Diseases ( e.g Haemophilia ) and Triplet Repeat Disorders ( e.g Myotonic Dystrophy ) Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ( FISH ) : for analysis of chromosomal abnormalcies [ xliv ] Even though PGD is an invasive and expensive process it offers twosomes a curative birthrate intervention that prevents the transmittal of their familial disease. Recently the applications of PGD have been extended to name for familial malignant neoplastic disease sensitivities [ forty-five ] ( Spits et al 2007 ) and for human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) matched offspring to bring forth a healthy kid that is indistinguishable to his / her affected sibling [ xlvi ] ( Verlinsky et al 2001 ) besides known as saviour sibling . Sexual activity choice for societal grounds can besides be performed by PGD nevertheless this remains a extremely controversial application [ xlvii ] ( Shenfield et al 2003 ) . The field of PGD is quickly germinating and this has led to moral A ; ethical concerns over its practical application for non-medical grounds. h. Cryopreservation of Embryos Embryo cryopreservation is an of import concluding measure in IVF intervention. Cryopreservation of trim embryos involves puting them in cryoprotectant solution and hive awaying them in liquid N. Embryo cryopreservation reduces the demand for multiple embryo transportations during an IVF rhythm as trim healthy embryos can be stored successfully ( Serhal A ; Overton 2004 ) . This finally helps cut down the multiple gestation hazard associated with IVF intervention. Slow freeze has been the primary method for cryopreservation in the 80 s and the first human gestation from frozen embryo was in 1983 [ xlviii ] ( Trounson A ; Mohr 1983 ) . However, slow freeze is associated with ice crystal formation, cell lysis and blastomere flight peculiarly in PGD biopsied embryos [ xlix ] ( Magli et al 1999 ) . In 2000, a new alternate method termed for cryopreservation of human embryos was introduced with a rapid freeze protocol [ cubic decimeter ] ( Saito et al 2000 ) . Vitrfication is a procedure by which liquid turns into solid without the formation of ice crystals [ fifty-one ] ( Luyet A ; Hodapp 1938 ) . The vitrification protocol quickly revolutionized both embryo and gamete ( peculiarly oocyte ) cryopreservation. It is a low-priced and efficient method that can be performed at cleavage, morula A ; blastocyst phase [ lii ] ( Kuwayama et al 2005 ) . It consequences in decreased ice crystal formation and lower DNA harm to blastomeres following zonary h atching [ liii ] ( Kader et al 2007 ) . Vitrification significantly improved station melt endurance rates, embryo development and gestation rates [ fifty-four ] ( Kolibianakis et al 2009 ) . One issue of concern raised with vitrification protocol is the direct contact between embryos and liquid N [ lv ] ( Huang et al 2007 ) . This raises concern of possible bacterial A ; viral cross-contamination peculiarly in biopsied embryos [ lvi ] ( Bielanski et al 2000 ) nevertheless a possible solution would be to hive away the embryos in vapour stage of liquid N [ lvii ] ( Cobo et al 2007 ) . There is no uncertainty that farther alterations and betterments to current vitrification protocol will be introduced in the hereafter to farther optimise embryo cryopreservation processs. 3. What will the following 20 old ages bring for sterility intervention? The legion developments and success rates of IVF intervention has so far likely exceeded the outlooks of Edward and Steptoe themselves. The hereafter will convey betterments to the current techniques mentioned in old subdivision as optimisation of protocols is linked to progresss in engineering and scientific research. The following 20 old ages will perchance keep another exciting chapter in ART. a. Artificial Gametes Patients who wish to undergo IVF intervention but have absent or non feasible gametes are presently non being offered ART with the chance of bring forthing their biological progeny. The alternate intervention to such twosomes would be gamete contribution coupled with conventional IVF. The figure of twosomes seeking gamete contribution is increasing and this is partially due to detain kid bearing age in modern society. This presents a challenge to the hereafter of sterility intervention. Recent surveies have shown that mouse embryologic root cells ( ESC ) can distinguish into sperm [ lviii ] ( Geijsen et al. 2004 ) and oocytes [ lix ] ( Hubner et al.2003 ) . Another survey concluded that human ESCs can besides distinguish into germ cells in civilization [ sixty ] ( Clark et al. 2004 ) . The creative activity of unreal gametes involves bodily cell atomic transportation ( SCNT ) of a diploid karyon into the cytol of an enucleated oocyte with the purpose of bring forthing a cloned embryo [ lxi ] ( Nagy A ; Chang 2008 ) . ESCs derived from the cloned embryo can be differentiated in vitro into monoploid sperm and oocytes [ lxii ] ( Zubin 2006 ) . Customized gametes of the opposite sex can besides be created utilizing SCNT from a male karyon as it possesses both X and Y chromosomes nevertheless this is more hard for a female karyon as it can non distinguish into sperm as it does nt possess Y-chromosome cistrons. Further research is required to measure the possible hazards of ESC gamete creative activity in ART and its medical A ; ethical deductions. Surveies have shown that micromanipulation of cells during SCNT can bring on forming and epigenetic mutants [ sixty-three ] ( Humphreys et al 2002 ) every bit good as neglecting to trip cardinal embryologic cistrons [ sixty-four ] ( Bortvin et al 2003 ) . This is both an expensive and labour intensive procedure and farther research is required to do it an efficient A ; safe procedure for its hereafter usage in sterility intervention. Scientific research in this field is assuring A ; will doubtless come on further in the following 20 old ages. Artificial gametes can be used by twosomes who have spiritual expostulations to utilizing donor gametes or who wish to hold genetically indistinguishable kids. Customized gametes can besides be used by same sex twosomes and this offers them picks in ART. B. Designer Babies The rapid progresss in the field human genetic sciences and completion of the human genome undertaking has improved familial alteration engineering and its application in medical specialty. Scientific research is continuously set uping familial links with common diseases. Future progresss in IVF intervention can increase the easiness and efficiency of the PGD procedure. This will take to farther mainstream usage of ART for non medical grounds. PGD offers the engineering for increased familial generative pick to parents. In the following 20 old ages IVF coupled with PGD can be used to: transportation gender selected embryos transportation embryos absent of cistrons for less life threatening diseases e.g diabetes, high blood pressure, adenomyosis transportation embryos with selected non medical traits e.g height, hair A ; oculus coloring material and intelligence. The term Designer Babies is tricky but is deceptive because multi-factorial familial traits are influenced by environmental factors and besides PGD choice is limited to the cistron pool of the parents [ sixty-five ] ( Toukhy A ; Braude 2008 ) . The hereafter of PGD remains controversial and applications of the technique will be capable to more legal and ethical argument. The following 20 old ages may besides present familial sweetening of embryos by changing their familial makeup as chosen by parents. This is non executable with current engineering but future scientific developments may do it possible for usage in ART. c. Embryo Screening The progresss in IVF intervention have still non been able to extinguish its major hazard. Almost a 3rd of IVF gestations involve multiple gestations ( Coughlan A ; Ledger 2008 ) . Multiple births are associated with increased morbidity A ; mortality [ lxvi ] ( Hardy et al 2002 ) . Twin A ; three gestations are common in IVF and are a consequence of the transportation of more than one embryo in the receptive endometrium. This is done peculiarly for female patients with advanced maternal age ( gt ; 35 old ages ) and hapless forecast and this represents a big cohort of IVF patients. The following 20 old ages may convey developments to the undermentioned methods: Optimize the civilization media for human embryos: The challenge will be to alter the alimentary concentration of the civilization media to seek and mime every bit much as possible the in vivo environment of the fallopian tubing. This will better embryo development prior to reassign. Improve embryo scaling and choice: Embryo are selected harmonizing to their morphology and developmental rate. This is non the best method for choosing feasible embryos. Hopes for drawn-out embryo culturing in the hereafter may let further development of embryos, after the blastodermic vessicle phase, to better choice of healthy embryos. Aneuploidy Screening: Designation of chromosomal abnormalcies in embryos of older IVF patients is an of import showing tool to avoid nidation failure [ lxvii ] ( Fragouli et al 2006 ) . Comparative genomic Hybridisation ( CGH ) is a promising technique that allows efficient sensing of chromosomal aneuploidies in one experiment utilizing individual blastomeres or polar organic structures [ sixty-eight ] ( Wells et al 2002 ) . The following 20 old ages will convey optimisation of a rapid A ; cheap CGH protocol which will greatly progress whole genome embryo testing techniques in antenatal nosologies. Mentions: Johnson M. H. ( 2007 ) . Essential Reproduction, 6th erectile dysfunction: Wiley-Blackwell.Pg 299 Serhal P. A ; Overton C. ( 2004 ) .Good Clinical Practice in Assisted Reproduction, Cambridge University Press Heffner L. J. and Schust D. J. ( 2010 ) .The Generative System at a Glance, 3rd Ed. Wiley Blackwell Strauss J. A ; Barbieri R. ( 2009 ) Yen A ; Jaffe s Reproductive Endocrinology, 6th Ed, Elsevier. Ch 29, Pg 725-757 Fauser B.C. , Devroey P. , Yen S.S, Minimal ovarian stimulation for IVF, assessment for potency for benefits and drawbacks, Human Reproduction ( 1999 ) , Vol 14, pp. 2681-2686 Coughlan C. A ; Ledger W. , In Vitro Fertilisation. ( 2008 ) , Obstetrics, Gynaecology A ; Reproductive Medicine, Vol 18: Issue 11 Sluijmer A.V. , Effect of pituitary down-regulation on the ovary before in vitro fertilisation as measured utilizing 3-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound ( 1994 ) Birthrate and Sterility, Vol 79: Issue 5, pp 1129-1135 Macklon N. S, Van der Gaast M. H, Hamilton A, Fauser B, Giudice L, The Impact of Ovarian Stimulation With Recombinant FSH in Combination With GnRH Antagonist on the Endometrial Transcriptome in the Window of Implantation, ( 2008 ) Reproductive Sciences, Vol15: Issue 4, pp 357-365 Hedon B, Bringer J, Arnal F, Humeau C, Boulot P, Audibert F, Benos P, Neveu S, Mares P, Laffargue F, Viala J. L, The usage of GnRH agonists with hMG for initiation or stimulation of ovulation ( 1990 ) Bailli A ; egrave ; rhenium s Clinical Obstetricss and Gynaecology, Vol 4: Issue 3, pp 575-587 Tarlatzis B.C. A ; Kolibianakis E.M, GnRH Agonists VS Antagonists ( 2007 ) Best Practice A ; Research Clinical Obstetrics A ; Gynaecology, Vol 21: Issue 1, pp 57-65 Felberbaum R.E, Ludwig M, Diedrich K, Clinical application of GnRH Antagonists ( 2000 ) , Molecular Cellular Endocrinology Vol 166 pp. 9-14 Ludwig M, Katalinic A, Diedrich K, Use of GnRH adversaries in ovarian stimulation for aided generative engineerings compared to the long protocol ( 2001 ) Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Vol 265 pp 175-182 Bouchard, P. , Caraty, A. and Medalie, D. Mechanism of action and clinical utilizations of GnRH adversaries in adult females. ( 1990 ) Recent Progress on GnRH and Gonadal Peptide ; Elsevier Edwards R.G. , The bumpy route to human in vitro fertilization, ( 2001 ) , Nature Medicine Vol 7 pp. 1091-1094 Lenz. S. , Lauritsen J.G. , Kjellow, M. Collection of human oocytes for in vitro fertilisation by ultrasonically guided follicular pucture. ( 1981 ) Lancet, Vol I, pp 1163-4 Tan S.L. , Bennett S. , Parsons J. Surgical techniques of oocyte aggregation and embryo transportation ( 1990 ) British Medical Bulletin, Vol 46 pp 628 42 Trade I, Tsirigotis M, Bennett V, Taranissi M, Khalifa Y, Hogewind G, et Al. : Transdermal epididymal sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the direction of sterility due to clogging azoospermia. ( 1995 ) Fertility A ; Sterility, Vol 63, pp 1038-42. Temple-Smith PD, Southwick GJ, Yates CA, Trounson AO, de Kretser DM: Human gestation by in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) utilizing sperm aspirated from the epididymis. ( 1985 ) Journal of In Vitro Fertilization A ; Embryo Transfer, Vol 2 pp 119-22. Glina S. , Fragoso J. B, Martins F.G, Soares J.B, Galuppo A.G. PERCUTANEOUS EPIDIDYMAL SPERM ASPIRATION ( PESA ) IN MEN WITH OBSTRUCTIVE AZOOSPERMIA ( 2003 ) International Brazilian Journal of Urology, Vol 29 pp 141-146. 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( 2000 ) , European Journal of Obstetrics A ; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Vol 92, pp 1 6 Bromage S.J. , Falconer D.A. , Lieberman B. , Sanger V. , Payne S. , Sperm Retrieval Rates in Subgroups of Primary Azoospermic Males. ( 2007 ) , European Urology, Vol 51, pp 534-540 Barros A, Sousa M, Oliveira C, Silva J, Almeida V, Beires J. Pregnancy and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with wholly nonmotile sperm recovered from the semen. ( 1997 ) Birthrate and Sterility, Vol 67: Issue 6, pp 1091-1094 Matthew G. Retzloff M.D. , Hornstein D. , Is intracytoplasmic sperm injection safe? ( 2003 ) , Fertility and Sterility, Vol 80: Issue 4, pp 851-859 Schieve L. , Meikle S. , Ferre C. , Petersen H. , Jeng G. , Wilcox L. , Low and really low birth weight in babies conceived with usage of aided generative engineering. ( 2002 ) , New England Journal of Medine Vol 346, pp. 731-737. 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Apple Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Apple Case Study - Coursework Example The paper tells that it would appear that Apple segments its business into business units on a geographic, rather than product bases, in addition to the four geographic business units, the company treats the retail business as a separate business unit. Each business unit reports sales and profitability from all product and operational categories within the region, with the exclusion of retail operations which fall under a separate SBU. In analysing Apple’s strategy, subsequent sections of the report will refer to the European SBU where appropriate. The financial performance of Apple’s European SBU would seem to be quite impressive in light of the economic events taking place during the period. Europe represents Apple’s second largest market by sales volume as the Americas division. Sale have risen from $9,233m in 2008 to $18,692 in 2010, a rate of growth of over 102%. Profit during the period has similarly increased from $3,022m in 2008 to $7,524m in 2010, an inc rease of 149% suggesting that profitability is increasing at a greater rate in proportion to sales. As such, this suggests that Apple’s European SBU has effectively kept expenses under control and is beginning to benefit from various economies of scale as sales increase . An interesting aspect of Apple’s capital structure is that the company reported to have no long term debt financing in the period 2006 to 2010. As such the company is wholly financed through equity. ... Key Ratios Ratio Apple Sony Samsung GP Margin 33.17% -2.95% 26.00% NP Margin 14.22% -1.28% 7.40% EPS 4.04 -98.95 29.98 Current Ratio 2.01 0.95 1.52 Acid Test 1.96 0.74 1.23 Debt to Equity 0.57 1.68 0.09 ROCE 14.09% -1.21% 12.28% 1.2 Marketing Analysis The following analysis of Apple’s marketing has been conducted using the standard 4p’s approach to the analysis of the marketing mix4: Price – Traditionally Apple has followed a premium pricing strategy often attempting to appeal to the early adopters in the field of interest. This has been especially true in the computer product segment. Product – While Apple has consistently brought new and innovative products to the market, the main features and benefits sold to computer is that Apple products are simple and easy to use, a marketing strategy which has helped Apple to a appeal to a wide audience. Place – Apple products are distributed through a wide range of retailers in the European SBU including hi gh street electronics retailers, major supermarkets and online sources such as Amazon. A key strategy however has also been the setting up of Apple’s own retail SBU which operates a number of stores within the European market dedicated to Apple products. Promotion – Apple makes use of a standard array of mass media advertising techniques including television advertising, targeted print media advertising as well as viral and other online advertising techniques. Overall, the marketing activities of Apple in the European SBU may be seen as aimed to create a product mix which is aimed at the mass luxury market. The product is appealing to those with higher levels of disposable income yet not so high as to be

Organized Crime Is a Threat to National Security Essay

Organized Crime Is a Threat to National Security - Essay Example There are people who collect money from shopkeepers in context of providing the required support. Prominent disciplinary structure transforms these gangs into a well-organized group. This organized group is at times referred to as a mob. To great extent, it poses threat to national security due to a wide range of illegal activities that can affect many lives. Organized crime is a conspiratorial enterprise, indulged in illicit activities so as to gain high-profit margins. The concept encompasses bribery and violence to enhance overall operational procedure. It initiates grievous retribution so as to sustain external and internal control. This form of the enterprise also contributes towards election campaigns in order to gain political support for achieving immunity. Political parties are witnessed to support such enterprises and this eventually leads to further growth of crime or terrorism in a nation. The wide range of activities undertaken by this enterprise is credit card fraud, in surance fraud, illegal gambling, kidnapping, gun running, narcotics trade, smuggling, pornography, racketeering, vehicle theft, prostitution, etc. Internet and international terrorism enabled organized crime to spread across the wider geographical area. This conspiratorial enterprise also utilizes sophisticated methods and high tech firms for transfer of weaponry and money. Monopolization can be stated as a major area of concern for cartel, triad, mafia and syndicate. To be more precise there are certain unique characteristics possessed by organized crime which differentiates it from unorganized crime. In this study, these characteristics will be further elaborated along with analyzing its impact on national security. The level of security is deteriorating across the globe with the rapid evolution of organized crime. Organized crime is a disciplinary structure of exhibiting illegal activities. The main objective of such crime is to gain high-profit margins.

Conceptual Model in Mental Health Nursing Essay

Conceptual Model in Mental Health Nursing - Essay Example For instance, the client is having a difficult time reorienting himself into his Muslim culture. Basically this client needs the service providers to establish a health model that will provide him with more information about his mental health illness and give him clear perspectives concerning the form of treatment that would be best for him. A good percentage of information and research shows that the psychodynamic model would be good for him because it would help him come to accept his situation fully and then would allow for him to be able to cope and be involved in the decision making areas of his treatment process. This would allow him to be able to fulfill his desire of continuing his education as he would be more comprehensive about what his illness entails and what to expect from the mental health care providers with regards to his treatment. Of course this does not mean that he won't require a supportive environment to help with the emotional pressures that he has to face. The utilization of the psychodynamic model can bring a better enlightenment into all of these issues, not just for this client but for the service providers as well. This client suffers from many repressed memories which have led to him developing a mental health illness that is ultimately crippling his ability to c... el is very useful in bringing about awareness within client's, concerning their past circumstances that are either adverse or even positive (Blum 2003). This is done in stages and carries with it a very humanistic appeal which in many ways shelters the client but not to the point of overshadowing their memories that are being brought forth. This model deals with the patient on a very humane and caring basis, recognizing them as human beings who need help and have needs just as anyone else (Gabbard 2004). The main reasoning behind choosing it is this client is already suffering from depression, schizophrenia, delusions, hallucinations, false auditory and visual perceptions and other troubling problems as well. It is believed that the psychodynamic model will allow for the service providers to get to the root causes of the problem and thus facilitate means to assist the client in dealing with these repressed memories and current daily problems as well. The Psychodynamic Model and it's Advantages It has been unquestionably proven that the psychodynamic model is very helpful for the service providers as it helps them in acquiring a firmer understanding of all of the needs of the service user (Smith 2002). For this client in particular this is extremely important as there are a multitude of issues that are taking place which in fact are complicating his illness and treatment process. Furthermore, the psychodynamic approach is far better in assisting this client for many other reasons other than what has been stated as well. While some mental health care models only look at the medical circumstances, the psychodynamic approach looks at socioeconomic and personal causes as being probable reasons why a specific mental breakdown occurs. It also draws upon more

Globalisation Effect On Unemployment And Economy Economics Essay

Globalisation Effect On Unemployment And Economy Economics Essay The ever growing impact of Globalization highly supported by the technological innovations on the global market, created new approach and understanding in the labour market. The restructuring of economic and corporate systems resulted of dismantling the traditional institutions, organizations and social protection, paving the way to further insecurity in jobs i.e. incomes for the exerted human power, not only in poor the countries, but in the rich and developed countries as well. The global competition among the corporations, the raise of the number of world inhabitants, technological contribution on production and services, moreover; the global economic issues, led to immense pressure on employers to adopt more flexible, non-standard labour policies with more and growing unwarranted work arrangements. To sustain in these turbulent waters, is the game of adaptation to the ever evolving social and economic uncontrollable macro environment. Since the old and new theory Survival of the fittest is still the most accurate, the only way for both employers and the employees to reach a win-win situation is through finding the perfect common denominator, through which an employee will secure his life and the employer his business. The right balance between the opportunities and threats will be by captivating advantages of opportunities and trying to avoid the threats. As an employer or employee, to survive this never-ending game, the opportunities are there to be seized. Through rapid changes and adaptations, common denominators can be innovated. The emergence and the impact of Globalization Technologys contribution The 21st century is guided by a new era in enterprises ongoing quest for increasing profit through a significant competitive advantage over the rivals. For the first time in history, we can now claim to live in One World. Globalization has removed many of the gaps that have existed between and among nations. While the physical divide is still present, the impact of the Information Highway on how we communicate and live in the present day is simply staggering. Through globalization, cultural exchange is now open and dynamic. Economies have also been merged, with the economic life of an Asian country affecting other nations in other parts of the world, and vice versa. Rapid improvements in information technology have allowed us to exchange information and communicate almost everywhere, anywhere, and anytime. The nature of business and how it is done had also improved by leaps and bounds all because of globalization. MNCs as tools for globalization Since technology is the main driving force of globalization, MNCs struggled heard to monopolize it. From the invention of the machines, then the aviation industry to the invention of the internet they all served as means for dominance. Just the nature of the tool varied from the hard to the soft power. The symbols of the modern soft means i.e. IMF, WB, internet, language, International business laws and regulations, WTO etc. are the humble servants of the Economic and Financial might of MNCs. These facts led the Big Brands to be the synonym of globalization. The global markets and the labour force These breakthroughs in communication have revolutionized business, commerce, and even the personal lives and relationships of millions of people. Indeed, globalization has produced a new age of connectivity in culture, society, economy, social life, technology, and politics. Globalization, as a general term, is best understood as the spread of ideas about the environment, democracy, human rights, and less complicated issues like fashion and fads. The mass marketing of computers and the wide availability of Internet services have brought many parts of the world together, as if we are all rush on a single pattern or web of daily life. Countries today do not just export raw materials or the usual projects. Global exchange is now taking place as the market of ideas, manpower recruiting through the use of technology. Because of the electronic media, vast amounts of important personal information can reach any parts of the globe in no time. Business establishments, whether big or small, are using the Internet in many ways to build or expand their companys recruitment system through their website or through mediators. With the ever improving technology, new labour markets blossom, high demand for cheap labour, and also greater competition. Making investments in information and communication technology is now a must for any business enterprise. Globalization and the Internet have created many advantages for organizations around the world. This advantage can be utilized while avoiding many business or geographical obstacles by using Internet properly. Employment and globalization For many, globalization is equated with economic interdependence. At the dawn of the 21st century, the scale and magnitude of global economic interaction appears to be unprecedented. The volume of capital flows far exceeds that of the past. The developing world, too, have increasingly become a part of global trade and capital flows. Contemporary patterns of economic globalization suggest the emergence of a new international division of labour. In short, the world has reached a stage in which one can meaningfully refer to one global economy. The question is whether globalization processes have reduced or exacerbated wealth inequalities  within developed countries and developing  ones. While markets will produce winners and losers, liberals argue that the openness accompanying globalization will benefit all. Others see the potential to produce widening disparities. The short answer is that the effect of globalization has been both positive and negative and is dependent on a range of domestic and international factors. Extensive evidence also exists to support the claim that economic interdependence is related to more peaceful relations. States, for example, that trade more with each other are less likely to go to war. The direction of the cause is less clear, however. In other words, does greater trade lead to peace or does peace lead to greater trade? The greater ties from interdependence have been argued to lead to both greater cooperation and conflict. The relationship is, in fact, most likely nonlinear. Variations of the working methods and the Human Recourses Competitive advantage and the competitors Competitive advantage can come in one or combination of the following factors where labour force has very significant role in almost every one of them: Price, Experience, service, Quality, Location, Customer service oriented. The better your business performs against one of these factors, the more likely you are to succeed. Being the low cost provider of a good or service can be a quick path to gaining more business or market share than your competitors. The more efficient firms labour force is the more are the chances to compete in this category. Certainly a firm will need a lower labour, materials or overhead cost, because an organization may find that their competitors are willing to cut prices in response. After all no one can expect that a competitor will let the rival take their customers away without a fight. So if an organization is willing to go down this path it would be better to be certain that they truly do have lower costs, supported mainly by low paid employers or specially arranged non-standard forms of employment. Service can also be serious differentiator and competitive advantage. If a firm can respond quicker, get it done quicker, or get there sooner, customers may prefer it over the competitors even though it costs them more. Yet; these maneuvers heavily rely on well experienced dynamic workforce who will create the much needed differentiation alongside the existing processes and the procedures. Quality is important in almost every industry. Customers do not like to pay good money for work that has to soon be redone or have to purchase a new unit that fails prematurely. Most products are somewhere in between the super and bad quality and the astute business person will seek to produce the highest quality within his means. This detail is also highly related to the workforce and its ability to create quality business with the least cost possible. Over the long term producing higher quality is almost always less expensive as organizations dont have to deal with as many returns, or as much scrap, or rework. Location can also be a competitive differentiator. If a firm best suitable location in town, then people will have buy from you unless they are willing to drive longer distances to get it. Getting the goods or the services to the customers by certain delivery employees is a kind of location based selling. Prices might be higher than normal but not so high that people refuse to buy. If firms distant service competitors charge for travel time, other things being equal, organizations can charge more money but not so much more that it pays the customer to use competitors products or services. Customer Service base can also be a competitive advantage. Something is highly related to the employees and their attitudes towards the customers, even if this will cost the firms the cost of training and developing such employees. So what if you are a little more costly, or even a little slower? Most people hate change. The prospect of needing to invest the time and energy to build the necessary trust with one of firms competitors can be a real deterrent. We live in a changing world. New competitors with better products or service arrive on the scene almost daily. When demand for firms product or service slacks or increases, it is highly related to the workforce. It is true that the overhead cost, product quality and the price has their significant role, yet the core of these will remain the workforce who are the most significant determines of organizations competitiveness. Standard employment and Nonstandard form of employment. Nonstandard form of employment is usually defined in negative terms in contrast to so-called standard employment. It is, a category that includes relatively varied forms of employment, and these need to be explicitly differentiated in a detailed analysis. The standard employment terms are more or less the same in different countries, moreover they are identical in most common markets like the GCC, organizations do not utilize any part time employees as per the GCC labour law, an employee can only work and operate in companies that sponsor work permitresidency. However companies extend the service of special consultants that work on projects basis. The standard employment is mainly characterized by the following features: Full-time employment with an income sufficient for survival, Permanent employment contract, Integration into the social security system (particularly health and pension plan), Work relationship and employment relationship clarified, Employees subject to direction by the employer. For the functioning of the labour market it is significant that compared with typical forms of employment, whatever their differences, increases the potential flexibility of businesses and, to some extent also of the employees concerned. Nonstandard form of employment deviates from in terms of at least one of the standard criteria: Part-time work, with regular weekly working hours less than under regular contractual level and pay reduced accordingly. Marginal employment, which represents a specific variety of part-time work defined in terms of payment below a certain level. Mini jobs, employees are paid according to hours of service theyve exerted. Limitation of weekly working hours to a maximum amount has been abolished. Fee basis/freelancers, based on experience, internships. Agency work, which is different from all other forms because of the tripartite relationship between the employee, the agency and the company hiring the worker. This peculiarity results in a differentiation between the employment relationship (between the agency and the employee) and the work relationship (between the company and the employee). Self-employment is intended to replace the traditional freelancer category (for example lawyers or doctors even merchandisers), It is not always easy to differentiate between employment and self-employment as the lines between the two can be rather fluid. The workforce and the employment market Individual features can appear in combination form thus, for example, agency workers or part-time workers can at the same time have a fixed-term employment contract. The constant and the obvious are the ever growing bargaining power of the employers due to vast amount of labour supplied and the scarcity of jobs offered. The fearful part is the gap that is steadily and constantly growing between the two. Among many reasons these points could shed the light upon the most significant: Population growth. Production industry is shrinking worldwide except for China and Germany. World economic crisis. Technology Urbanism These major macro aspects are among the most significant factors that are widening the gap among the employers and the employees resulting in high unemployment rates. Moreover; they are creating new unconventional means of employment which usually benefit the employer. Future of Non-standard forms of employment The profiles of a typical forms of employment not only generate the above problems during an individuals working life (above all in terms of income, employability and employment stability), but also creates significant long-term problems in terms of social security. The consequences go beyond the labour market and affect individuals post-work lives, with a considerable impact on social security, especially pensions. In welfare states, such systems are very much focused on working life and strictly linked to the criteria of standard employment (financed through contributions of employers and employees and based on the principle of equivalence). Analysis of the resulting social problems renders the traditionally strict demarcation between labour market and social policy obsolete. Any approach to reform requires integrated solutions. The accumulation of social risks means that, compared to people in standard employment, those in a non-standard employment are more likely to be only on low wages (due to advanced age) and are therefore more often in receipt of governmental or social organizations welfare. The analysis of macro environment as for the organization The macro environment of the organization is the uncontrollable part of external forces that might affect the vision and the strategy of any organization. The macro environmental elements which mainly consist of Political, Economic, and Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) aspects and forces might affect the organization either positively or negatively in the growth era of non-standard forms of employment. The positive effects will be considered as opportunities and the negative ones as threats. Opportunities: The non-standard form of employment will open the doors for the new blood from the same or totally new workforce market to pour in the organization; this will bring in the new knowledge, new ideas and innovations a new and dynamic approach to the conducted business. The result of flexible working hours will add efficiency to the production and the outcome since the old boring 9 to 5 system does not exist in the non-standard form of employment. The twenty-first centurys organizations are shifting from communality to diversity to increase dynamism and innovative thinking system among the employees. The high level of shifting hours where lot of employees will leave the job at certain hours and come back later on wouldnt be achieved if advanced IT systems and software didnt exist, since its almost impossible to calculate the total working hours of each employee and calculate the payments accordingly. This whole flexible workforce structure will reduce the labour cost of the organization. For example, instead of paying overtime for working during the night, replace those employees with another who can and willing to work at nightshifts. Furthermore, the organization will save vast amounts of retirement pension funds which will remove a heavy burden from the companys shoulders. The reduction of the labour cost will provide a major competitive advantage for the organization which will lead the competitors to adopt the same strategy. New Strategy, new blood, new technical and IT know how, along with talented educated dynamism from both sexes and innovations that they will add to the organization will be considered as major opportunities for any given organization, especially when theyll have an weaponless army of employees not registered in any form of labour unions etc. since they are not the conventional (standard) form of employees. Threats The non-standard form of employment will spread quickly due to the competition among the rivals; this will result to certain instability in the economy and therefore economical fluctuations. These facts will lead to inevitable inflation to the economic system resulting raise in wages (working hours honorary), therefore rise in rents and expenses so the sequence of the vicious circle will be inevitable, backfiring on the organization in itself. Laws and regulations plus the labour unions who will lobby against the non-standard form of unemployment will be considered a major threat for an organization where in most countries especially in the GCC countries the employment should be on the standard basis, since any employee will be registered under the name of a specific kafeel (Guarantor: could be the organization or the name of the business owner) and where very strict universal and local laws are imposed on the employers especially what concerns the human rights or juveniles related issues. The most threatening fact will be the employee high turnover rates within the organization which will result mainly of knowledge loss i.e. losing knowledge out of companies, moreover; increased turnover triggers diminished effectiveness in corporations. High turnovers will cost companies large amounts of money to recruit new ones (Advertising, mediating agencies, the time for hundreds CVs screenings, selecting, interviewing etc.) while retaining employees through incentives and trainings will cost much less. Such means can be used to cut attrition and increase retention numbers. Working hard at keeping employees through learning and development, retention and persistency rates, an organization not only will cut attrition, but also theyll build a priceless vault of knowledge and loyalty towards the organization. Synopsis: Opportunities Threats New workforce market Cheap labour Competitive advantage More effective production New blood, new know how Diversity Technology and IT Experience / Know how Strategic Imperative (must) High / selected competencies Flexible working hours No Labour unions / home restrictions Gender balance (if applicable) Production and incentives No retirement / pension problems No aging workforce Inflation Raise of wages Rents and inflation Social issues Political issues War Economic crisis Laws and regulation Shared knowledge and experience Less loyal employees Money based relationship Labour unions Human rights / juvenile Reputation Very high labour turnover rate The analysis of macro environment as for the individual The fact of the rise of non-standard forms of employment is considered to be at the macro environmental level of the individual where the uncontrollable several external forces are affecting the plans and life of any person. As discussed previously, the macro environmental elements which mainly consist of Political, Economic, and Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) aspects and forces might affect the individual either positively or negatively. The positive effects will be considered as opportunities and the negative ones as threats. Opportunities: The non-standard forms of employment will open new horizons as for the individual where he or she might find a chance of being hired to a certain job or position that wasnt handy before, the odds are bigger since the constant change in the workforce at any given organization will increase the probability of job vacancies. Mostly in the underdeveloped countries and due to high levels of unemployment, chances of being hired are scarce and where nepotism and interventions are the only recruiting factors, individuals find fairness and equal chances for being hired through non-standard forms of employment. Usually when hired by non-standard forms of employment higher (per hour compensation) than fixed wages are expected even if the paid amount is considered cheap labour (effective) as for the hiring organization. The real challenge will be extending as much as possible the hours of being hired. Flexible hours will create the chance and the opportunity for the employee to be able to pursue another interest during or after the traditional 9 to 5 working hours. An employee could continue his / her education at the university, or pursue even higher education if possible. Time flexibility will allow the employees to spend more hours with their families or look after a hobby they like. Technology is considered an opportunity for many employees where the job could be accomplished without or by minimum physical presence at the office. Thanks to the technology virtual offices can easily be setup among employees hundreds of kilometers apart. Even traveling to host/home countries for short period of time is possible due to active, dynamic and low cost communication means. Any task could be accomplished within two days for example and the employee could return to his office and continue the job after a while. This would have never accomplished if there wasnt this technological breakthrough. One of the most annoying aspects for the new recruits especially for the fresh graduates is obtaining experience, mainly where there are high unemployment rates and starting a career is a hard task to be achieved. With non-standard forms of employment, chances will be granted for the fresh graduates to acquire working experience even for short period of time. This will allow them to look for the next vacancy empowered with a certain experience theyve acquired, levering their chanced to be reemployed. It is obvious that being involved and living with active job demands will increase the standard of living for any individual and his/her family. The higher the income generated will be resulted in higher spending due the high potential of the disposable income. Furthermore with the help of non-standard form of employment the employee might have the chance of being promoted and he/she might be invited on the same basis to operate on the other outlets due to the expending strategies that their organization might adopt, or be invited to help a franchisee to inaugurate certain tasks. Non-standard form of employment offers variety of experiences to the employees due to the fact that they will experience several types of carriers during their productive life span. The versatility acquired by the employees will increase the chances of being rehired since the adaptive attitude that theyll foster will be considered added value to the new recruiting organization. Threats The most dominant threat as for the non-standard form of employment will be the retirement where the dynamism of youth will diminish gradually and the chances of being employed will decease. This will add immense pressure on the individual therefore the society will be effected and eventually the state. The constant fear of the absence of safe and steady income will push the employee to a certain austerity measures on his/her spending, therefore consumers spending index will decrease resulting a standstill or slowing the markets normal cycle, which in itself will create a hassle in the marketplace resulting in more job cuts. Furthermore countries economical system is balanced upon the spending power of the population backed by the banking system through micro or medium loans. These loans are hypothecary i.e. based on certain guarantee to the bank, which in most of the cases are, the fixed salaries presented to the banks through certain documents which are approved by their organization. Technology and new machinery are spreading like the fire in the woods; this will affect the job market resulting raise in the unemployment figures, especially for low competency based positions. Uncertainty, lack of income and unconventional working hours will surly affects the lifestyle of any individual especially on those who have a family. On the long run such occurrences will have its devastating consequences on the social structure of that country, which in itself will backfire of the whole economy. Any kind of riots or wars will result a total standstill of the income in case of non-standard form of employment due to the fact that is based on the hours spent in job. The greed of employers could lead to exploitation of the employees by several means. One of the most famous among them is the so called trial period, where the employee agrees to be testes on job for an unpaid certain period of time. The result could be the extension of this period or the employer keeps testing employers for two moths then another employee for another two months and so on. This whole non-standard system will definitely alter the unemployment rates where lots of people will be considered as employed, which in fact they are not. The frequent change of the employees due to the fact that they can be easily substituted will result in total change in organizations values and personnel attitudes where the factor of loyalty will be considered an obsolete theory. Synopsis: Opportunities Threats New Job opportunities Equal and fairness Higher per hour / wages More flexibility / freedom Technology/ Communication means Transport and low cost airlines Learning curve and experience Constant demand of new recruits Career path in various organizations Raise the standard of living Franchising, expansion Versatile employee Retirement and pension No more safe and continues Income Technology new machinery Cultural identity Family issues War and riots Exploitation / misuse Unemployment real figures Values and attitudes Easily substituted Conclusion The global turbulent economy affected widely by the globalization factors and theories, sharpened the competition reducing the profit margins. Moreover, because of the greater employment risk and/or the short periods of employment involved, when they lose their jobs. The differences between agency workers and those in standard employment are particularly striking, with the exception of those on marginal wages. After getting job-less approximately one agency worker in two receives the lower Type 2 unemployment benefit, whereas the figure is only one in seven in the reference group. The main reason for this drastic difference is the fact that the previous period of employment subject to compulsory social insurance was not of sufficient duration. In addition, any claim to Type 2 unemployment benefit presupposes that savings above a certain threshold are first used for the purpose of subsistence. In these circumstances the greater degree of individual responsibility for old age provisions demanded of employees becomes unfeasible. What is relevant in the long term in both individual and collective terms is the insufficient integration of such individuals into the pension insurance system. The low levels of contributions made as a result of long periods of part-time work or an entire working career spent on mini-jobs but also unemployment after the expiration of fixed-term jobs results in individuals only having a claim to pension benefits that are inadequate for subsistence purposes. The changes that have occurred in types of employment increase the risk of poverty in old age for the individuals concerned. For years, this issue was regarded as having been solved in Germany, but it could re-emerge in the future unless appropriate measures are taken. And from a collective point of view, the necessary top-up transfer payments represent a considerable drain on public budgets and bring with them the risk of gradual erosion of the basis for contributions.

Educational Goals and Philosophies Essay -- Education Teaching Philoso

Educational Goals and Philosophies For the past seven years, I have had the same dream - to someday be a high school math teacher. I am finally on my way to turning that dream into a reality. Along the way, I am learning a lot of things and forming a number of opinions. One of the main areas in which I am forming new beliefs is in relation to what methods I will use in teaching my class and what aspects of what philosophies I will employ. First of all, however, I must reach the point where I have a class to teach. How am I going to reach my goal of becoming a teacher? I believe I am taking the most important step right now by attending a good college where I am gaining further knowledge in many areas, especially math and education, as well as gaining practical experience in the public school system. At the present time, it is not my plan to attend graduate school. Since I took some extra time to earn an Associate of Arts in Bible, I will have already been in college for five years when I graduate, and I am eager to get out there and start teaching now. Math teachers are in short supply right now, and if I am able to get a good teaching position with only a Bachelor of Science, I would rather do that than continue on with further schooling. I know that teachers with their Master’s Degree make more money, but I am not worried about money. If I were, I would not become a teacher. I want to teach because I love math, I love to be able to help other people, and I love young pe ople. I realize that if I decide to teach college level math someday, I will need to go to graduate school, but I will cross that bridge when I come to it if I ever do. At the moment, it is just my desire to teach high school. When I am teaching in a high school someday, what philosophies will be evident in my classroom? What methods will I use to reach my students? In my present education, I am beginning to think carefully and deeply about these issues. From what I have read and learned and from comparing various philosophies with each other, I have come to realize that I am a strong essentialist, and I also see many strong points in progressivism and behaviorism. Essentialism, made popular by William Bagley in the 1930’s, is the form of education most of us know well from our schooling experiences. It has also been called the â€Å"... ...ng that is based on behaviorist principles. Students work at their own pace to reach a certain goal. When they pass that phase, they move on to the next one; otherwise, they repeat it until they can reach the objective. Mastery learning often provides rewards or reinforcement. Programmed learning is a type of mastery learning in which students work with an interactive program on a computer. The material is broken into small portions, and the computer provides immediate feedback to the student’s answers. Students are able to work at a speed comfortable for them. I want to be the best possible teacher I can be. I want to communicate well with my students, and I want to be able to help them both now while they are in school and provide them with tools they will use when they are finished with school. In order to be a good teacher, I will use various methods and ideas from the philosophies of essentialism, progressivism, and behaviorism. I want to be open and willing to try new things and to always keep in mind the reason I became a teacher – to help my students learn math, in whatever way I can. When all is said and done, I want my grade as a teacher to be an â€Å"A.†

Buddhism vs Jainism

There are great differences as well as similarities when comparing Buddhism and Jainism. The major difference that stands out to me would the doctrines of these religions. Mahavira and Buddha parted ways over doctrine differences. Mahavira and Buddha were powerful and charismatic in the eyes of society. They both obtained the amazing skill to convince and influence which are extremely important in start-up religions. Naturally, these two religions often disagreed over finer aspects of their prospective beliefs. Buddhism was more defined in its criticizing of Jainism. Both sought to convert others. The leaders of the two seemed to have put great efforts in support of finding converts. Both leaders, Buddha and Mahavira were from royal families. Mahavira was the last and most popular of the thirthakaras. These people worshipped in temples as â€Å"enlighten beings† who live on earth as humans. Buddhism was actually founded by Siddharta Gautama who later became Buddha entering his mother’s right side white elephant. Jainism and Buddhism were considered atheistic religions. Neither believes a â€Å"supreme God† exist. However, Buddhism seems to be more agnostic due to speculation that Buddha refused to publicly denounce or dismissed the idea of a â€Å"supreme God†. Both Jainism and Buddhism believe that karma is the force that is responsible for suffering on earth. Unlike Buddhism, Jains believe karma is not just a result of ones actions. However, karma is a real substance that becomes attached to each jiva, like impurity, performing many actions while on earth. In Buddhism the eightfold Path and four Noble Truths are what are needed to minimize the effects of negative karma and strive for their ‘salvation’. Both religions believe in liberation. There are great differences regarding who achieves this. Jains believe souls become entangled in the causative phenomena and fall to the law of karma. If liberated souls are pure and divine, but if bound they result in birth and death. According to Jain doctrine, the soul can free itself from suffering of physical life by leading a pure life as taught the thirrthankaras. Buddhism does not believe eternal souls exist. Therefore liberation is physical and mental perspective. This would be considered an individualistic approach. This indicates this person is not eternal neither Devine. Nirvana is a state in which the person’s personality becomes free. Buddhism opposed the order of the Vedic society system that divides people in caste. The Jain did not technically oppose the cast system; however everyone was treated equally under the umbrella of Jainism. Buddha’s teachings also revealed that humans suffered on earth as a direct result of negative karma, becoming attached and full of worldly desires. The Buddhism belief is the world is filled with evil and discomfort. Man is bound to the cycle of births and deaths until righteously committed. Buddhism opposed rituals of Vedic religion and concentrated more on righteous living to achieve liberation. Jainism did not oppose religious rituals. They worshipped the thithankaras in Jain temples. Jain is an austere religion; it focuses more on the individual’s actions and purity for gaining liberation. Buddhism has gained more notoriety than Jainism worldwide, most likely due to its practices. Besides, a major difference lies in the dominions of both the religions. Though both, Buddhism and Jainism, developed and originated individually in India, but difference how they went about teaching and converting. While Buddhism went abroad to other parts of the India, Central Asia, far eastern countries, and parts of North America and Europe as well. Jainism remained confined to India and seems to stagnate as it pertains to growth. Buddhism today is culturally diverse.

Free Essays on Rock N Roll

The Birth of Rock and Roll The birth of rock ‘n’ roll speaks of racial barriers bridged through the fusion of Afro-American musical styles with white popular music in 1950s America. Not only did white record producers and radio disc jockeys market Afro-American artists, but white artists began to cover their songs, as well as incorporate Afro-American style into their own song writing. The term rock and roll is credited to Alan Freed a disc jockey who endorsed live performances where black and white would perform on stage with an inter-racial audience. The common views of teenagers’ participated in the creation of rock ‘n’ roll as an act of rebellion. The song "Rock Around the Clock," recorded by Bill Haley and the Comets in 1954, changed the course of American music. It turned popular music on its ear, and opened a door for a new sound to music. "Rock Around the Clock" was the first true worldwide Rock and Roll success and it is the first Rock and Roll record to reach No. 1. Many different artists throughout the world have recorded this famous song. The song has been heard on numerous movies and television shows. The most famous is Happy Days theme song, American Graffiti, and Bull Durham just to name a few. The screaming vocals, rattling keyboard style and outrageous showmanship of Little Richard born as Richard Penniman set the standard for the flamboyant excess rock 'n' roll has come to symbolize. Mr. Richard had an infectious, hyperactive personality that was contagious and made him popular. By age fifteen he was a regular with Sugarfoot Sam's Minstrel Show. The song we know as â€Å"Tutti Fruiti, aw rootie† was first know as â€Å"Tutti Fruiti, good booty†. Inclosing we must thank these artist because they assisted in revolutionizing the musical industry. They paved the way for the artist we now enjoy listening to.... Free Essays on Rock N Roll Free Essays on Rock N Roll The Birth of Rock and Roll The birth of rock ‘n’ roll speaks of racial barriers bridged through the fusion of Afro-American musical styles with white popular music in 1950s America. Not only did white record producers and radio disc jockeys market Afro-American artists, but white artists began to cover their songs, as well as incorporate Afro-American style into their own song writing. The term rock and roll is credited to Alan Freed a disc jockey who endorsed live performances where black and white would perform on stage with an inter-racial audience. The common views of teenagers’ participated in the creation of rock ‘n’ roll as an act of rebellion. The song "Rock Around the Clock," recorded by Bill Haley and the Comets in 1954, changed the course of American music. It turned popular music on its ear, and opened a door for a new sound to music. "Rock Around the Clock" was the first true worldwide Rock and Roll success and it is the first Rock and Roll record to reach No. 1. Many different artists throughout the world have recorded this famous song. The song has been heard on numerous movies and television shows. The most famous is Happy Days theme song, American Graffiti, and Bull Durham just to name a few. The screaming vocals, rattling keyboard style and outrageous showmanship of Little Richard born as Richard Penniman set the standard for the flamboyant excess rock 'n' roll has come to symbolize. Mr. Richard had an infectious, hyperactive personality that was contagious and made him popular. By age fifteen he was a regular with Sugarfoot Sam's Minstrel Show. The song we know as â€Å"Tutti Fruiti, aw rootie† was first know as â€Å"Tutti Fruiti, good booty†. Inclosing we must thank these artist because they assisted in revolutionizing the musical industry. They paved the way for the artist we now enjoy listening to....

Copper Iron Stoichiometry Lab Report Essays

Copper Iron Stoichiometry Lab Report Essays Copper Iron Stoichiometry Lab Report Paper Copper Iron Stoichiometry Lab Report Paper The two possible balanced reactions are Cuscus (aqua) + Fee(s) Cue(s) + Feces (aqua) [I] cuscus (aqua) + fee(s) ICC(s) + [II] Through the possible reactions, one of the best way to determine which one is the correct reaction pertaining to the lab is limiting reagent analysis, where mass of copper is quantitatively determined or by observations. Through the process of weighing by difference as suggested by the lab manual, anhydrous copper sulfate and iron powder were weighed out. Anhydrous copper sulfate was then dissolved in water on a hot plate and iron was added after the solution of copper sulfate had cooled down to room temperature. The addition of iron took place under the fume hood so as to avoid inhalation of sulfur fumes which were leased as a side-product of this reaction. Copper precipitate was then collected by the use of a vacuum filtration setup. The copper precipitate was collected in a sintered glass crucible and mathematical analysis allowed for determination of the correct reaction amongst the two possibilities. In this lab, iron is being oxidized and this property of iron also allows for the reduction of other types of compounds such as intro aromatic compounds such as intermittent. The lab had several indeterminate errors which cannot be controlled by the student and generally results from the inaccuracy of the equipment being used in the experiment. In this lab, the use of analytical balances was a major one and even something as accurate as analytical lances has some slight inaccuracy or uncertainty which is  ±O. Egg. Another indeterminate error was the measuring of wash volumes within the graduated cylinders which have an uncertainty of  ±0. Ml. These uncertainties could have affected the end result allowing lower percent yield as suggested by Table 5 and calculation [VI]. The lab also had several possible determinate errors which are a result of the errors caused directly by the student. One of the more possible determinate errors was that there was some sort of static interference with the analytical balance. One of the students using the analytical balance could have ad a glove or phone nearby which acts in turn as a source of static interference and throws off the measurements of the analytical balanced. Wrong measurements given by the analytical balance could result in a lower percent yield as calculated in [VI] by the student. Another largely possible determinate error is an error while transferring the liquid solution with copper precipitate within the solution. Improper quantitative transfer like splashing the liquid out of the glass crucible or the solution overflowing the crucible could result in a loss of suspended particles of copper precipitate. Loss of copper precipitate would result in a lower mass recorded by the analytical balance which in turn would result in a lower percent yield. When iron was added to the copper sulfate solution, a light greenish-blue color was noticed within the solution. The species present in the solution are Fee+, SASS-, and Cue and after a little research, the light greenish blue color notices could be attributed to the presence of Feces crystals which are known as green copperas as when they dissolve they form a pale green solutions. As stated before, limiting reagents is a key concept within his lab as the reaction of Iron and Copper Sulfate can result in two different products through two different Equations [l] [II]. It was up to the student to figure out which of the two equations pertained to the lab. This was done by determining the amount of moles of Cue obtained theoretically through the masses of copper sulfate and iron. Whichever reagent resulted in the fewer amount of copper moles produced will be the limiting reagent and the amount of moles produced would be the theoretical yield for that particular reaction. 3 An Introduction to Chemical Systems in the Laboratory, Hayden-McNeil, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2012, Pig. 1 Donaldson, Ian, How to make Copperas (Iron Sulfate) from Pyrites, Encyclopedia Chemistry, http://www Salutatorian. Com/encyclopedia/chemistry/copperas. HTML (accessed 9/29/12) In this experiment however, the limiting reagent and reagent in excess is easy to determine mostly due to the visual clues. Copper sulfate is a brilliant blue color in solution and after the reaction has gone to completion, the blue color is still present within the solution proving th at the reagent in excess is copper sulfate and the limiting reagent in this experiment is iron. In the experiment, however the student is able to find the mass of the copper precipitate by knowing the mass of the reagents and equipment as in Table 1 and Calculation [l]. By knowing the mass of the copper precipitate, the student was able to calculate the moles of copper formed (Calculation [l l]) and then compare it to the theoretical yield in order to get the percent yield as in Table 5. By comparing the theoretical yield of both Equations [l] and [II] with the actual yield, the student was able to determine that iron was the limiting reagent and that Equation [I] was the main action, in addition to Calculation [Ill]. This lab was successful mostly because the student was able to determine the limiting reagent through the means of quantitative and limiting reagent analysis. This experiment allowed the student to further understand redo reactions in addition to determining that iron was the limiting reagent. Further research can be undertaken into the study of elements that can displace iron much more effectively as iron is capable of displacing various dangerous elements and compounds but even iron in large quantities is not desired. References: by Zero-Valet Iron Metal, Environ.

Asylum law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Asylum law - Essay Example The objective aspect will examine at the objective principles of the claim and also the subjective principle will examine whether there is any presence of a fear of the objective conditions. (Harvey: 237). Thus, a refugee should demonstrate with concrete proof that they would suffer harassment if they return to their mother land. They should demonstrate that they would be subject to harassment or humiliation on logical grounds of persecution due to nationality, race, political ideologies and religion. In Adan v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Lord Slynn observed that well –founded fear must be present at the period when the claim for refugee status is to be determined. In Sivakumaran 1case, House of Lords observed that the fear of persecution must be a contemporary fear if it is the well founded. Thus, the most crucial factor in deciding the refugee status in UK is the Home Secretary’s evaluation of the narrations in the refugee application which will be considered in relation to the situations that existed in the applicant’s country of origin. (Harvey: 240). In Sivakumaran case , the issues pertains to Tamils in Sri Lanka and the House of Lords turned down the Court of Appeal’s acceptance of two tire test favoured by United States jurisprudence . The first is whether the individual is a refugee and the second is that would their freedom or life be in jeopardy. The Court of Appeal applied a composite standard of reasonable likelihood of real risk or harm to prove whether or not a fear was tenable or well-founded and prevented return to their mother land. In other parlance, the judges regarded the meaning of â€Å"well-founded fear† instead of â€Å"persecution.† The above decision did not meet the end of justice, given the incidence of atrocities unleashed on Tamil youths in Sri Lanka at that point of

Writing a paper about a "TED TALK" Essay

Writing a paper about a "TED TALK" - Essay Example Professor Amy Cuddy said that some power poses don’t only change the way people are perceived by others but also change their body’s chemistry immediately. Body language judgments will predict life outcomes that are meaningful like who people are, who they will promote or hire and how they will ask out for a date. This research will focus on how body language shapes who people are. Amy Cuddy argues that nonverbal expressions of dominance and power in the animal kingdom is about stretching out, expanding, and making you big. It is not limited to primates alone but also to animals which also do this whenever they feel chronically powerful and also the moment they feel powerful. Both people, born blind or with sight expand their bodies and throw hands in the air after winning in competitions. When people feel powerless, they wrap themselves up, close up, make themselves smaller and can’t pump into others. It is possible for people to fake it until they make it. Nonverbal communications can govern both how people feel and think about themselves and also how other people feel and think about them. People smile when they are excited but also feel happy when forced to smile thru holding a pen amid their teeth. A power pose is likely struck by people feeling powerful, but when they pretend to have a powerful feeling they are likely to feel more powerful. People know that their minds can change their bodies (Amy). They should know that their bodies can also change their minds. The minds of the powerful tend to be more optimistic, assertive and confident. They will take more risks as they reason abstractedly (Amy). Difference in physiology is there too, on both the stress hormone and the dominance hormone, cortisol and testosterone respectively. Therefore, when people think of power they should not think on testosterone only but also cortisol as